Walking pace is a protective factor for rheumatoid arthritis: a mendelian randomization study

Myasoedova, E., Crowson, C. S., Kremers, H. M., Therneau, T. M. & Gabriel, S. E. Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising? Results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955–2007. Arthritis Rheum. 62(6), 1576–1582. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27425 (2010).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Smolen, J. S., Aletaha, D. & McInnes, I. B. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (London England). 388(10055), 2023–2038. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30173-8 (2016).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Douglas, K. M. et al. Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 65(3), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2005.037978 (2006).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Santo, R. C. E., Fernandes, K. Z., Lora, P. S., Filippin, L. I. & Xavier, R. M. Prevalence of rheumatoid cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 9(5), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12320 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Kojima, M. et al. Depression, inflammation, and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 61(8), 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24647 (2009).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hu, Y. et al. Long-term dietary quality and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76(8), 1357–1364. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210431 (2017).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Salliot, C., Nguyen, Y., Boutron-Ruault, M. C. & Seror, R. Environment and Lifestyle: their influence on the risk of RA. J. Clin. Med. 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103109 (2020).Buch, M. H., Eyre, S. & McGonagle, D. Persistent inflammatory and non-inflammatory mechanisms in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 17(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-00541-7 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kelly, P. et al. Walking on sunshine: scoping review of the evidence for walking and mental health. Br. J. Sports Med. 52(12), 800–806. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098827 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Morris, J. N., Hardman, A. E. & Auckland Walking to health. Sports medicine (NZ); 23(5): 306–332. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199723050-00004. (1997).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Bull, F. C. et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br. J. Sports Med. 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Murphy, M. H., Nevill, A. M., Murtagh, E. M. & Holder, R. L. The effect of walking on fitness, fatness and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Prev. Med. 44(5), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.12.008 (2007).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Manson, J. E. et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 341(9), 650–658. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199908263410904 (1999).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Yates, T. et al. Association of walking pace and handgrip strength with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a UK Biobank observational study. Eur. Heart J. 38(43), 3232–3240. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx449 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Tanasescu, M. et al. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. Jama. 288(16), 1994–2000. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.1994 (2002).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Celis-Morales, C. A. et al. Walking Pace is Associated with Lower Risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 51(3), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001795 (2019).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Elbaz, A. et al. Association of walking speed in late midlife with mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study. Age (Dordrecht Netherlands). 35(3), 943–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-012-9387-9 (2013).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Stamatakis, E. et al. Self-rated walking pace and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 50 225 walkers from 11 population British cohorts. Br. J. Sports Med. 52(12), 761–768. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098677 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Davey Smith, G. & Hemani, G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23(R1), R89–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddu328 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V. & Davey Smith, G. Reading mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ (Clinical Res. ed). 362, k601. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k601 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Richmond, R. C. & Davey Smith, G. Mendelian randomization: concepts and scope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Med. 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a040501 (2022).Sakaue, S. et al. A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. Nat. Genet. 53(10), 1415–1424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00931-x (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Staley, J. R. et al. PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinf. (Oxford England). 32(20), 3207–3209. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw373 (2016).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Zuber, V., Colijn, J. M., Klaver, C. & Burgess, S. Selecting likely causal risk factors from high-throughput experiments using multivariable mendelian randomization. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13870-3 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Machiela, M. J. & Chanock, S. J. LDlink: a web-based application for exploring population-specific haplotype structure and linking correlated alleles of possible functional variants. Bioinf. (Oxford England). 31(21), 3555–3557. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv402 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wu, F., Huang, Y., Hu, J. & Shao, Z. Mendelian randomization study of inflammatory bowel disease and bone mineral density. BMC Med. 18(1), 312. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01778-5 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Yin, K. J. et al. No Genetic Causal Association between Periodontitis and Arthritis: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization analysis. Front. Immunol. 13, 808832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.808832 (2022).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Burgess, S., Scott, R. A., Timpson, N. J., Davey Smith, G. & Thompson, S. G. Using published data in mendelian randomization: a blueprint for efficient identification of causal risk factors. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 30(7), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0011-z (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wang, X. et al. Appraising the Causal Association between systemic Iron status and heart failure risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Nutrients. 14(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163258 (2022).Harris, M. A. et al. The Gene Ontology (GO) database and informatics resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (Database issue), D258–261. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh036 (2004).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28(1), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.27 (2000).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Huang, D. W. et al. The DAVID Gene Functional classification Tool: a novel biological module-centric algorithm to functionally analyze large gene lists. Genome Biol. 8(9), R183. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r183 (2007).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Metsios, G. S., Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, A. & Kitas, G. D. The role of exercise in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 11(10), 1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1586/1744666x.2015.1067606 (2015).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hu, H., Xu, A., Gao, C., Wang, Z. & Wu, X. The effect of physical exercise on rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 77(2), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14574 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tierney, M., Fraser, A. & Kennedy, N. Physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. J. Phys. Act. Health. 9(7), 1036–1048. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.7.1036 (2012).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Thomsen, T. et al. Sedentary behaviour in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative study. Int. J. Qualitative Stud. Health well-being. 10, 28578. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v10.28578 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
van Veldhuijzen, J. J. et al. Perceived barriers, facilitators and benefits for regular physical activity and Exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the literature. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ).; 45(10): 1401–1412 .doi: (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0363-2Prioreschi, A., Makda, M. A., Tikly, M. & McVeigh, J. A. Habitual physical activity, sedentary Behaviour and Bone Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Sports Med. 36(12), 1021–1026. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1550049 (2015).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Khoja, S. S., Almeida, G. J., Chester Wasko, M., Terhorst, L. & Piva, S. R. Association of Light-Intensity Physical Activity with Lower Cardiovascular Disease Risk Burden in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 68(4), 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22711 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fichna, J., Janecka, A., Costentin, J. & Do Rego, J. C. The endomorphin system and its evolving neurophysiological role. Pharmacol. Rev. 59(1), 88–123. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.59.1.3 (2007).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Metsios, G. S. et al. Individualised exercise improves endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73(4), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203291 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mckenna, S. G. et al. OP0275-HPR the effects of exercise on depressive and anxiety symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ;77(Suppl 2): 186–186 .https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular. (2018). 1691%J Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.Sun, L. et al. Physical activity and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: evidence from meta-analysis and mendelian randomization. Int. J. Epidemiol. 50(5), 1593–1603. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab052 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chang, K. et al. Smoking and rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15(12), 22279–22295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222279 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Inamo, J., Kochi, Y. & Takeuchi, T. Is type 2 diabetes mellitus an inverse risk factor for the development of rheumatoid arthritis? J. Hum. Genet. 66(2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-020-00837-2 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Qiu, S., Li, M., Jin, S., Lu, H. & Hu, Y. Rheumatoid arthritis and Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease: a mendelian randomization study. Front. Genet. 12, 745224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.745224 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Park, Y. J., Yoo, S. A., Kim, M. & Kim, W. U. The role of calcium-Calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway in Health and Autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol. 11, 195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00195 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Gu, Y. et al. Plasma metabonomics study of rheumatoid arthritis and its Chinese medicine subtypes by using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Mol. Biosyst. 8(5), 1535–1543. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2mb25022e (2012).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Timmins, I. R. et al. Genome-wide association study of self-reported walking pace suggests beneficial effects of brisk walking on health and survival. Commun. Biology. 3(1), 634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01357-7 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 

Hot Topics

Related Articles