Serum cotinine levels and adolescents’ sleep health outcomes from NHANES 2005 to 2018

Vyazovskiy, V. V. Sleep, recovery, and metaregulation: Explaining the benefits of sleep. Nat. Sci. Sleep 7, 171–184. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.S54036 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Jaworska, N. & MacQueen, G. Adolescence as a unique developmental period. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 40, 291–293. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150268 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, R. E. & Duong, H. T. Depression and insomnia among adolescents: A prospective perspective. J. Affect. Disord. 148, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.049 (2013).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Zapata Roblyer, M. I. & Grzywacz, J. G. Demographic and parenting correlates of adolescent sleep functioning. J. Child Fam. Stud. 24, 3331–3340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0135-5 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Owens, J. A. & Weiss, M. R. Insufficient sleep in adolescents: Causes and consequences. Miner. Pediatr. 69, 326–336. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0026-4946.17.04914-3 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Asarnow, L. D. & Mirchandaney, R. Sleep and mood disorders among youth. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 30, 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2020.09.003 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Maultsby, K. D. et al. Longitudinal associations between high school sleep characteristics and young adult health outcomes. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 18, 2527–2536. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.10126 (2022).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Purani, H., Friedrichsen, S. & Allen, A. M. Sleep quality in cigarette smokers: Associations with smoking-related outcomes and exercise. Addict. Behav. 90, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.023 (2019).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Merianos, A. L., Mahabee-Gittens, E. M. & Choi, K. Tobacco smoke exposure and inadequate sleep among US school-aged children. Sleep Med. 86, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.012 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Prochaska, J. J. & Benowitz, N. L. Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction. Sci. Adv. 5, 9763. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay9763 (2019).Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar 
Sastry, B. V., Chance, M. B., Singh, G., Horn, J. L. & Janson, V. E. Distribution and retention of nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, in the rat as a function of time. Pharmacology 50, 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1159/000139274 (1995).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Benowitz, N. L. Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Epidemiol. Rev. 18, 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017925 (1996).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Watts, R. R., Langone, J. J., Knight, G. J. & Lewtas, J. Cotinine analytical workshop report: Consideration of analytical methods for determining cotinine in human body fluids as a measure of passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Environ. Health Perspect. 84, 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9084173 (1990).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Miyaura, S., Eguchi, H. & Johnston, J. M. Effect of a cigarette smoke extract on the metabolism of the proinflammatory autacoid, platelet-activating factor. Circ. Res. 70, 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.70.2.341 (1992).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Crea, F. Stop smoking and sleep well to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur. Heart J. 42, 4097–4100. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab731 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hassanzad, M. et al. Cotinine level is associated with asthma severity in passive smoker children. Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 14, 67–73 (2015).PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Larose, T. L. et al. Circulating cotinine concentrations and lung cancer risk in the lung cancer cohort consortium (LC3). Int. J. Epidemiol. 47, 1760–1771. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy100 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Leenders, M. et al. Plasma cotinine levels and pancreatic cancer in the EPIC cohort study. Int. J. Cancer 131, 997–1002. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26452 (2012).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Thomas, C. E. et al. Urinary cotinine is as good a biomarker as serum cotinine for cigarette smoking exposure and lung cancer risk prediction. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 29, 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-19-0653 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Echeverria, V. & Zeitlin, R. Cotinine: A potential new therapeutic agent against Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci. Therap. 18, 517–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00317.x (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cohrs, S. et al. Impaired sleep quality and sleep duration in smokers-results from the German Multicenter Study on Nicotine Dependence. Addict. Biol. 19, 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Htoo, A., Talwar, A., Feinsilver, S. H. & Greenberg, H. Smoking and sleep disorders. Med. Clin. N. Am. 88, 1575–1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.07.003 (2004).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
McNamara, J. P. et al. Sleep disturbances associated with cigarette smoking. Psychol. Health Med. 19, 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.832782 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Oh, S. et al. The association between cotinine-measured smoking intensity and sleep quality. Tob. Induced Dis. 20, 77. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/152221 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Merianos, A. L., Stone, T. M., Mahabee-Gittens, E. M., Jandarov, R. A. & Choi, K. Tobacco smoke exposure and sleep duration among US adolescents. Behav. Sleep Med. 1, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2023.2232498 (2023).Article 

Google Scholar 
Benowitz, N. L., Bernert, J. T., Caraballo, R. S., Holiday, D. B. & Wang, J. Optimal serum cotinine levels for distinguishing cigarette smokers and nonsmokers within different racial/ethnic groups in the United States between 1999 and 2004. Am. J. Epidemiol. 169, 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn301 (2009).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bernert, J. T. Jr. et al. Development and validation of sensitive method for determination of serum cotinine in smokers and nonsmokers by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 43, 2281–2291 (1997).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Rapp, J. L., Alpert, N., Flores, R. M. & Taioli, E. Serum cotinine levels and nicotine addiction potential of e-cigarettes: An NHANES analysis. Carcinogenesis 41, 1454–1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgaa015 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Cheah, K. L., Norhayati, M. N., Husniati Yaacob, L. & Abdul Rahman, R. Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 16, e0257843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257843 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Grandner, M. A. et al. Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 9(897–905), 905. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2990 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Grandner, M. A., Williams, N. J., Knutson, K. L., Roberts, D. & Jean-Louis, G. Sleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. Sleep Med. 18, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.020 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jehan, S. et al. Sleep health disparity: The putative role of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Sleep Med. Disord. Int. J. 2, 127–133 (2018).
Google Scholar 
Yahia, N. et al. Night eating syndrome and its association with weight status, physical activity, eating habits, smoking status, and sleep patterns among college students. Eat. Weight Disord. 22, 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0403-z (2017).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Gao, T. et al. The roles of serum vitamin D and tobacco smoke exposure in insomnia: A cross-sectional study of adults in the United States. Front. Nutr. 10, 1285494. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1285494 (2023).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Rahman, H. H., Niemann, D. & Yusuf, K. K. Association of urinary arsenic and sleep disorder in the US population: NHANES 2015–2016. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 29, 5496–5504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16085-6 (2022).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hirshkowitz, M. et al. National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report. Sleep Health 1, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004 (2015).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chin, H. L. & Cheong, K. K. Association between asthma and headache: Findings from the NHANES 2001–2004. Clin. Respir. J. 17, 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13664 (2023).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hou, W. et al. Associations between smoke exposure and osteoporosis or osteopenia in a US NHANES population of elderly individuals. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1074574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1074574 (2023).Article 

Google Scholar 
Han, L. & Wang, Q. Association between organophosphorus insecticides exposure and the prevalence of sleep problems in the US adults: An analysis based on the NHANES 2007–2018. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 255, 114803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114803 (2023).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Durrleman, S. & Simon, R. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat. Med. 8, 551–561. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780080504 (1989).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jaehne, A. et al. How smoking affects sleep: A polysomnographical analysis. Sleep Med. 13, 1286–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.026 (2012).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Davila, E. P. et al. Sleep disorders and secondhand smoke exposure in the US population. Nicotine Tob. Res. 12, 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp193 (2010).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Zandy, M., Chang, V., Rao, D. P. & Do, M. T. Tobacco smoke exposure and sleep: Estimating the association of urinary cotinine with sleep quality. Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. Res. Policy Pract. 40, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.3.02 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Merianos, A. L., Stone, T. M., Mahabee-Gittens, E. M., Jandarov, R. A. & Choi, K. Tobacco smoke exposure and sleep duration among US adolescents. Behav. Sleep Med. 22, 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2023.2232498 (2024).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Reichenberger, D. A., Master, L., Hale, L. & Chang, A. M. Secondhand smoke exposure is longitudinally associated with shorter parent-reported sleep duration during childhood. Sleep Health 7, 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2021.04.004 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wu, C. C. et al. Sleeping, smoking, and kidney diseases: Evidence from the NHANES 2017–2018. Front. Med. 8, 745006. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.745006 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hoyt, A. T. et al. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and childhood cognition and behavior: Effect modification by maternal folate intake and breastfeeding duration. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-023-01524-x (2023).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Herrmann, M., King, K. & Weitzman, M. Prenatal tobacco smoke and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure and child neurodevelopment. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 20, 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f56165 (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bastianini, S. et al. Early-life nicotine or cotinine exposure produces long-lasting sleep alterations and downregulation of hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in adult mice. Sci. Rep. 11, 23897. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03468-5 (2021).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Eliasen, J. N., Krall, J., Frølund, B. & Kohlmeier, K. A. Sex-specific alterations in GABA receptor-mediated responses in laterodorsal tegmentum are associated with prenatal exposure to nicotine. Dev. Neurobiol. 80, 178–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22772 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Nguyen, C. et al. Nicotine inhibits the VTA-to-amygdala dopamine pathway to promote anxiety. Neuron 109, 2604–2615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.013 (2021).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Safa, F., Chaiton, M., Mahmud, I., Ahmed, S. & Chu, A. The association between exposure to second-hand smoke and sleep disturbances: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Health 6, 702–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.03.008 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Adam, E. K. & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. Home sweet home(s): Parental separations, residential moves, and adjustment problems in low-income adolescent girls. Dev. Psychol. 38, 792–805 (2002).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Roberts, R. E. & Duong, H. T. The prospective association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents. Sleep 37, 239–244. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3388 (2014).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Gariépy, G., Doré, I., Whitehead, R. D. & Elgar, F. J. More than just sleeping in: A late timing of sleep is associated with health problems and unhealthy behaviours in adolescents. Sleep Med. 56, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.029 (2019).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jaehne, A., Loessl, B., Bárkai, Z., Riemann, D. & Hornyak, M. Effects of nicotine on sleep during consumption, withdrawal and replacement therapy. Sleep Med. Rev. 13, 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.003 (2009).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, L., Samet, J., Caffo, B. & Punjabi, N. M. Cigarette smoking and nocturnal sleep architecture. Am. J. Epidemiol. 164, 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj231 (2006).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Roehrs, T. & Roth, T. Sleep, sleepiness, and alcohol use. Alcohol Res. Health 25, 101–109 (2001).PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Riemann, D. & Voderholzer, U. Primary insomnia: A risk factor to develop depression? J. Affect. Disord. 76, 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00072-1 (2003).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Chellappa, S. L. & Aeschbach, D. Sleep and anxiety: From mechanisms to interventions. Sleep Med. Rev. 61, 101583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101583 (2022).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Papadimitriou, G. N. & Linkowski, P. Sleep disturbance in anxiety disorders. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 17, 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260500104524 (2005).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hasler, B. P., Smith, L. J., Cousins, J. C. & Bootzin, R. R. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and substance abuse. Sleep Med. Rev. 16, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.004 (2012).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Meltzer, L. J. & Mindell, J. A. Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: A pilot study. J. Fam. Psychol. 21, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.67 (2007).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar