Xu, K. Interfaces and interphases in batteries. J. Power Sources 559, 232652 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 114, 11503–11618 (2014).Article
Google Scholar
Peled, E. & Menkin, S. Review—SEI: past, present and future. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, A1703–A1719 (2017).Article
Google Scholar
Li, Q., Yu, X. Q. & Li, H. Batteries: from China’s 13th to 14th five-year plan. eTransportation 14, 100201 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Peled, E. The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systems—the solid electrolyte interphase model. J. Electrochem. Soc. 126, 2047–2051 (1979).Article
Google Scholar
Jiao, S. H. et al. Stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal batteries in ether electrolytes. Nat. Energy 3, 739–746 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
Yao, Y. X. et al. Regulating interfacial chemistry in lithium-ion batteries by a weakly solvating electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 4090–4097 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Li, T. et al. Stable anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 22683–22687 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Chen, X., Zhang, X. Q., Li, H. R. & Zhang, Q. Cation-solvent, cation-anion, and solvent-solvent interactions with electrolyte solvation in lithium batteries. Batteries Supercaps 2, 128–131 (2019).Article
Google Scholar
Wu, Z. et al. Deciphering and modulating energetics of solvation structure enables aggressive high-voltage chemistry of Li metal batteries. Chem 9, 650–664 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Qian, J. et al. High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode. Nat. Commun. 6, 6362 (2015).Article
Google Scholar
Wang, J. et al. Superconcentrated electrolytes for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 7, 12032 (2016).Article
Google Scholar
Fan, X. L. et al. Highly fluorinated interphases enable high-voltage Li-metal batteries. Chem 4, 174–185 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
Suo, L. et al. Fluorine-donating electrolytes enable highly reversible 5-V-class Li metal batteries. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1156–1161 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
Xue, W. J. et al. Ultra-high-voltage Ni-rich layered cathodes in practical Li metal batteries enabled by a sulfonamide-based electrolyte. Nat. Energy 6, 495–505 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Yu, Z. et al. Molecular design for electrolyte solvents enabling energy-dense and long-cycling lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 5, 526–533 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Yu, Z. et al. Rational solvent molecule tuning for high-performance lithium metal battery electrolytes. Nat. Energy 7, 94–106 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Li, X. et al. Understanding steric hindrance effect of solvent molecule in localized high-concentration electrolyte for lithium metal batteries. Carbon Neutrality 2, 34 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Kim, S. C. et al. High-entropy electrolytes for practical lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 8, 814–826 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Wang, Q. et al. High entropy liquid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Nat. Commun. 14, 440 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Wang, Q. et al. Entropy-driven liquid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 35, e2210677 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Hobold, G. M. et al. Moving beyond 99.9% Coulombic efficiency for lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes. Nat. Energy 6, 951–960 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Yamada, Y., Wang, J., Ko, S., Watanabe, E. & Yamada, A. Advances and issues in developing salt-concentrated battery electrolytes. Nat. Energy 4, 269–280 (2019).Article
Google Scholar
Onsager, L. Deviations from Ohm’s law in weak electrolytes. J. Chem. Phys. 2, 599–615 (1934).Article
Google Scholar
Zhu, Z. et al. In situ mass spectrometric determination of molecular structural evolution at the solid electrolyte interphase in lithium-ion batteries. Nano Lett. 15, 6170–6176 (2015).Article
Google Scholar
Piechota, E. J. Deconvoluting double layers. Nat. Chem. 13, 827 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Zhou, Y. et al. Real-time mass spectrometric characterization of the solid-electrolyte interphase of a lithium-ion battery. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 224–230 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Zhang, W. et al. Engineering a passivating electric double layer for high performance lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 13, 2029 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Kavarnos, G. J. & Turro, N. J. Photosensitization by reversible electron transfer: theories, experimental evidence, and examples. Chem. Rev. 86, 401–449 (1986).Article
Google Scholar
Looyenga, H. Dielectric constants of heterogeneous mixtures. Physica 31, 401–406 (1965).Article
Google Scholar
Xiao, J. et al. Understanding and applying coulombic efficiency in lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 5, 561–568 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Costa Reis, M. Ion activity models: the Debye-Hückel equation and its extensions. ChemTexts 7, 9 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Lu, Y., Zhao, C. Z., Huang, J. Q. & Zhang, Q. The timescale identification decoupling complicated kinetic processes in lithium batteries. Joule 6, 1172–1198 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Kovalenko, A. & Hirata, F. Three-dimensional density profiles of water in contact with a solute of arbitrary shape: a RISM approach. Chem. Phys. Lett. 290, 237–244 (1998).Article
Google Scholar
Sato, H., Kovalenko, A. & Hirata, F. Self-consistent field, ab initio molecular orbital and three-dimensional reference interaction site model study for solvation effect on carbon monoxide in aqueous solution. J. Chem. Phys. 112, 9463–9468 (2000).Article
Google Scholar
Wang, X. et al. Stress-driven lithium dendrite growth mechanism and dendrite mitigation by electroplating on soft substrates. Nat. Energy 3, 227–235 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
Louli, A. J. et al. Diagnosing and correcting anode-free cell failure via electrolyte and morphological analysis. Nat. Energy 5, 693–702 (2020).Article
Google Scholar
Fan, X. et al. Fluorinated solid electrolyte interphase enables highly reversible solid-state Li metal battery. Sci. Adv. 4, eaau9245 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
Lohrberg O. et al. Benchmarking and critical design considerations of zero‐excess Li-metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, (2023).Adams, B. D., Zheng, J. M., Ren, X. D., Xu, W. & Zhang, J. G. Accurate determination of Coulombic efficiency for lithium metal anodes and lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1702097 (2018).Article
Google Scholar
Cheng, L. et al. Accelerating electrolyte discovery for energy storage with high-throughput screening. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 283–291 (2015).Article
Google Scholar
Shimizu, K., Almantariotis, D., Costa Gomes, M. F., Padua, A. A. & Canongia Lopes, J. N. Molecular force field for ionic liquids V: hydroxyethylimidazolium, dimethoxy-2-methylimidazolium, and fluoroalkylimidazolium cations and bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, perfluoroalkanesulfonylamide, and fluoroalkylfluorophosphate anions. J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 3592–3600 (2010).Article
Google Scholar
Sambasivarao, S. V. & Acevedo, O. Development of OPLS-AA force field parameters for 68 unique ionic liquids. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 5, 1038–1050 (2009).Article
Google Scholar
Efaw, C. M. et al. Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures. Nat. Mater. 22, 1531–1539 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Zhang, Q. K. et al. Homogeneous and mechanically stable solid-electrolyte interphase enabled by trioxane-modulated electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 8, 725–735 (2023).Article
Google Scholar
Zhao, Q. et al. Upgrading carbonate electrolytes for ultra-stable practical lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202116214 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Niu, C. J. et al. High-energy lithium metal pouch cells with limited anode swelling and long stable cycles. Nat. Energy 4, 551–559 (2019).Article
Google Scholar
Qiao, Y. et al. A high-energy-density and long-life initial-anode-free lithium battery enabled by a Li2O sacrificial agent. Nat. Energy 6, 653–662 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Gao, Y. et al. Effect of the supergravity on the formation and cycle life of non-aqueous lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 13, 5 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Niu, C. J. et al. Balancing interfacial reactions to achieve long cycle life in high-energy lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 6, 723–732 (2021).Article
Google Scholar
Zhang, L. H. et al. Practical 4.4 V Li||NCM811 batteries enabled by a thermal stable and HF free carbonate-based electrolyte. Nano Energy 96, 107122 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Zhu, C. N. et al. Anion-diluent pairing for stable high-energy Li metal batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 1338–1347 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Xia, Y. C. et al. Designing an asymmetric ether-like lithium salt to enable fast-cycling high-energy lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy 8, 934–945 (2023).Article
Google Scholar