Primiparous sow behaviour on the day of farrowing as one of the primary contributors to the growth of piglets in early lactation

Milligan, B. N., Fraser, D. & Kramer, D. L. Within-litter birth weight variation in the domestic pig and its relation to pre-weaning survival, weight gain, and variation in weaning weights. Livest. Prod. Sci. 76, 181–191 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Milligan, B. N., Dewey, C. E. & de Grau, A. F. Neonatal-piglet weight variation and its relation to pre-weaning mortality and weight gain on commercial farms. Prev. Vet. Med. 56, 119–127 (2002).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Quiniou, N., Dagorn, J. & Gaudré, D. Variation of piglets’ birth weight and consequences on subsequent performance. Livest. Prod. Sci. 78, 63–70 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gondret, F. et al. Influence of piglet birth weight on postnatal growth performance, tissue lipogenic capacity and muscle histological traits at market weight. Livest. Prod. Sci. 93, 137–146 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rehfeldt, C., Henning, M. & Fiedler, I. Consequences of pig domestication for skeletal muscle growth and cellularity. Livest. Sci. 116, 30–41 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Banville, M., Riquet, J., Bahon, D., Sourdioux, M. & Canario, L. Genetic parameters for litter size, piglet growth and sow’s early growth and body composition in the Chinese-European line Tai Zumu. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 132, 328–337 (2015).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hojgaard, C. K., Bruun, T. S. & Theil, P. K. Impact of milk and nutrient intake of piglets and sow milk composition on piglet growth and body composition at weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 98, 1–12 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Skok, J., Brus, M. & Škorjanc, D. Growth of piglets in relation to milk intake and anatomical location of mammary glands. Acta Agric. Scand. A Anim. Sci. 57, 129–135 (2007).
Google Scholar 
Fraser, D. & Thompson, B. K. Variation in piglet weights: Relationship to suckling behavior, parity number and farrowing crate design. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 31–46 (1986).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hurley, W. L. Mammary gland growth in the lactating sow. Livest. Prod. Sci. 70, 149–157 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Solanes, F. X. et al. Direct and maternal influences on the early growth, fattening performance, and carcass traits of pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 88, 199–212 (2004).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lundgren, H. et al. Genetic parameters for feed intake, litter weight, body condition and rebreeding success in primiparous Norwegian Landrace Sows. Animal 8, 1–10 (2013).
Google Scholar 
Hemsworth, P. H., Winfield, C. G. & Mullaney, P. D. Within-litter variation in the performance of piglets to three weeks of age. Animal 22, 351–357 (1976).
Google Scholar 
Huting, A. M. S., Sakkas, P., Wellock, I., Almond, K. & Kyriazakis, I. Once small always small? To what extent morphometric characteristics and post-weaning starter regime affect pig lifetime growth performance. Porcine Health Manag. 4, 21 (2018).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Balzani, A., Cordell, H. J. & Edwards, S. A. Relationship of sow udder morphology with piglet suckling behavior and teat access. Theriogenology 86, 1913–1920 (2016).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Devillers, N., Giraud, D. & Farmer, C. Neonatal piglets are able to differentiate more productive from less productive teats. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 174, 24–31 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vasdal, G. & Andersen, I. L. A note on teat accessibility and sow parity—consequences for newborn piglets. Livestock 146, 91–94 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Algers, B. & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. Maternal behavior in pigs. Horm. Behav. 52, 78–85 (2007).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jensen, P. Nest building in domestic sows: The role of external stimuli. Anim. Behav. 45, 351–358 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rydhmer, L. & Jonas, E. Oxytocin candidate genes and maternal behaviour of sows. In Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (2016).Stratz, P., Just, A., Faber, H. & Bennewitz, J. Genetic analyses of mothering ability in sows using field-recorded observations. Livest. Sci. 191, 1–5 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Loftus, L. et al. The effect of two different farrowing systems on sow behaviour, and piglet behaviour, mortality and growth. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 232, 105102 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Pedersen, L. J., Berg, P., Jørgensen, G. & Andersen, I. L. Neonatal piglet traits of importance for survival in crates and indoor pens. J. Anim. Sci. 89, 1207–1218 (2011).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Nowland, T. L., van Wettere, W. H. E. J. & Plush, K. J. Allowing sows to farrow unconfined has positive implications for sow and piglet welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 221, 104872 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Andersen, I. L., Vasdal, G. & Pedersen, L. J. Nest building and posture changes and activity budget of gilts housed in pens and crates. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 159, 29–33 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Blackshaw, J. K., Blackshaw, A. W., Thomas, F. J. & Newman, F. W. Comparison of behaviour patterns of sows and litters in a farrowing crate and a farrowing pen. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 39, 281–295 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ocepek, M. & Andersen, I. L. What makes a good mother? Maternal behavioural traits important for piglet survival. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 193, 29–36 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Canario, L., Moigneau, C., Lagant, H., Billon, Y. & Bidanel, J. P. Comparaison des performances de reproduction et des aptitudes maternelles de truies Meishan et Large White élevées en enclos individuels de la mise bas au sevrage. J. Rech. Porcine 40, 137–140 (2008).
Google Scholar 
Jarvis, S. et al. The responsiveness of sows to their piglets in relation to the length of parturition and the involvement of endogenous opioids. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 63, 195–207 (1999).Article 

Google Scholar 
Yun, J. & Valros, A. Benefits of prepartum nest-building behaviour on parturition and lactation in sows—a review. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 28, 1519–1524 (2015).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Jarvis, S., Reed, B. T., Lawrence, A. B., Calvert, S. K. & Stevenson, J. Peri-natal environmental effects on maternal behaviour, pituitary and adrenal activation, and the progress of parturition in the primiparous sow. Anim. Welf. 13, 171–181 (2004).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Leonard, S. M., Xin, H., Brown-Brandl, T. M. & Ramirez, B. C. Development and application of an image acquisition system for characterizing sow behaviors in farrowing stalls. Comput. Electron. Agric. 163, 104866 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nasirahmadi, A. et al. Deep learning and machine vision approaches for posture detection of individual pigs. Sensors 19, 3738 (2019).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Bonneau, M. et al. Behavior Comparison During Chronic Heat Stress in Large White and Creole Pigs Using Image-Analysis. Front. Anim. Sci. 2, (2021).Canario, L., Billon, Y. Y., Mormède, P., Poirel, D. & Moigneau, C. Temperament, adaptation and maternal abilities of Meishan and Large White sows kept in a loosehousing system during lactation. In 60th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (2009).Farmer, C., Palin, M.-F., Sorensen, M. & Robert, S. Lactational performance, nursing and maternal behavior of Upton-Meishan and Large White sows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 487–493 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sinclair, A. G., Edwards, S. A., Hoste, S. & McCartney, A. Evaluation of the influence of maternal and piglet breed differences on behaviour and production of Meishan synthetic and European White breeds during lactation. Anim. Sci. 66, 423–430 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Illmann, G., Chaloupková, H. & Neuhauserová, K. Effect of pre- and post-partum sow activity on maternal behaviour and piglet weight gain 24h after birth. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 163, 80–88 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Girardie, O. et al. Analysis of image-based sow activity patterns reveals several associations with piglet survival and early growth. Front. Vet. Sci. 9, 1–15 (2023).Article 

Google Scholar 
Miles, J. R. et al. Contributions of the maternal uterine environment and piglet genotype on weaning survivability potential: II. Piglet growth, lactation performance, milk composition, and piglet blood profiles during lactation following reciprocal embryo transfers between Meishan and White crossbred gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 93, 1555–1564 (2015).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bidanel, J. Estimation of crossbreeding parameters between Large White and Meishan porcine breeds. III. Dominance and epistatic components of heterosis on reproductive traits. Genet. Sel. Evol. 25, 263–281 (1993).Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Farmer, C. & Robert, S. Hormonal, behavioural and performance characteristics of Meishan sows during pregnancy and lactation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 1–12 (2003).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wijesiriwardana, U. A., Craig, J. R., Cottrell, J. J., Dunshea, F. R. & Pluske, J. R. Animal board invited review: Factors affecting the early growth and development of gilt progeny compared to sow progeny. Animal 16, 100596 (2022).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Oliviero, C., Heinonen, M., Valros, A., Hälli, O. & Peltoniemi, O. A. T. Effect of the environment on the physiology of the sow during late pregnancy, farrowing and early lactation. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 105, 365–377 (2008).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Strathe, A. V., Bruun, T. S. & Hansen, C. F. Sows with high milk production had both a high feed intake and high body mobilization. Animal 11, 1913–1921 (2017).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Baxter, E. M. et al. Piglets’ behaviour and performance in relation to sow characteristics. Animal 17, 100699 (2023).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Noblet, J., Dourmad, J. Y. & Etienne, M. Energy utilization in pregnant and lactating sows: Modeling of energy requirements. J. Anim. Sci. 68, 562–572 (1990).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
King, R. H., Mullan, B. P., Dunshea, F. R. & Dove, H. The influence of piglet body weight on milk production of sows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 47, 169–174 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Clowes, E. J., Aherne, F. X., Schaefer, A. L., Foxcroft, G. R. & Baracos, V. E. Parturition body size and body protein loss during lactation influence performance during lactation and ovarian function at weaning in first-parity sows. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 1517–1528 (2003).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Quesnel, H., Mejia-Guadarrama, C. A., Pasquier, A., Dourmad, J.-Y. & Prunier, A. Dietary protein restriction during lactation in primiparous sows with different live weights at farrowing: II. Consequences on reproductive performance and interactions with metabolic status. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 45, 57–68 (2005).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Young, M. G. et al. Comparison of three methods of feeding sows in gestation and the subsequent effects on lactation performance. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 3058–3070 (2004).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Etienne, M. & Desmoulin, J. N. B. Mobilisation des réserves corporelles chez la truie primipare en lactation. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 25, 341–344 (1985).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Boyd, R., Kensingert, R., Harrelf, R. & Bauman, D. Nutrient uptake and endocrine regulation of milk synthesis by mammary tissue of lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 36–56 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Holm, B., Bakken, M., Vangen, O. & Rekaya, R. Genetic analysis of litter size, parturition length, and birth assistance requirements in primiparous sows using a joint linear-threshold animal model1. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 2528–2533 (2004).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bidanel, J.-P. et al. Cinquante années d’amélioration génétique du porc en France: Bilan et perspectives. INRA Prod. Anim. 33, 1–16 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Quesnel, H. et al. Physiological traits of newborn piglets associated with colostrum intake, neonatal survival and preweaning growth. Animal 17, 100843 (2023).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Devillers, N., Farmer, C., Dividich, J. L. & Prunier, A. Variability of colostrum yield and colostrum intake in pigs. Animal 1, 1033–1041 (2007).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hasan, S. et al. Factors affecting sow colostrum yield and composition, and their impact on piglet growth and health. Livest. Sci. 227, 60–67 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dividich, J. L., Rooke, J. A. & Herpin, P. Nutritional and immunological importance of colostrum for the new-born pig. J. Agric. Sci. 143, 469–485 (2005).Article 

Google Scholar 
Quesnel, H., Farmer, C. & Devillers, N. Colostrum intake: Influence on piglet performance and factors of variation. Livest. Sci. 146, 105–114 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Decaluwé, R. et al. Piglets׳ colostrum intake associates with daily weight gain and survival until weaning. Livest. Sci. 162, 185–192 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cools, A. et al. Ad libitum feeding during the peripartal period affects body condition, reproduction results and metabolism of sows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 145, 130–140 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Cieslak, D. G., Leibbrandt, V. D. & Benevenga, N. J. Effect of a high fat supplement in late gestation and lactation on piglet survival and performance. J. Anim. Sci. 57, 954–959 (1983).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Farmer, C., Duarte, C. R. A., Vignola, M. & Palin, M.-F. Body condition of gilts at the end of gestation affects their mammary development. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 1897–1905 (2016).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Quesnel, H. & Farmer, C. Review: Nutritional and endocrine control of colostrogenesis in swine. Animal 13, s26–s34 (2019).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Genest, M. & D’Allaire, S. Feeding strategies during the lactation period for first-parity sows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75, 461–467 (1995).Article 

Google Scholar 
Martí, L., Latorre, M. Á. & Álvarez-Rodríguez, J. Does ad libitum feeding during the peri-partum improve the sow feed intake and performances?. Animals 9, 1078 (2019).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Gourley, K. M. et al. Effects of timing and size of meals prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance. Transl. Anim. Sci. 4, 724–736 (2020).Article 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
King, R. H., Toner, M. S., Dove, H., Atwood, C. S. & Brown, W. G. The response of first-litter sows to dietary protein level during lactation1. J. Anim. Sci. 71, 2457–2463 (1993).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tummaruk, P., Sumransap, P. & Jiebna, N. Fat and whey supplementation influence milk composition, backfat loss, and reproductive performance in lactating sows. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 46, 753–758 (2014).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wallenbeck, A., Rydhmer, L. & Thodberg, K. Maternal behaviour and performance in first-parity outdoor sows. Livest. Sci. 116, 216–222 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Fraser, D. & Phillips, P. A. Lethargy and low water intake by sows during early lactation: A cause of low piglet weight gains and survival?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 24, 13–22 (1989).Article 

Google Scholar 
Hurley, W. L. Review: Mammary gland development in swine: Embryo to early lactation. Animal 13, s11–s19 (2019).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ocepek, M., Andersen-Ranberg, I., Edwards, S. A. & Andersen, I. L. Udder characteristics of importance for teat use in purebred and crossbred pigs1. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 780–788 (2016).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Balzani, A., Cordell, H. J. & Edwards, S. A. Development of a methodology to describe udder conformation in sows. Animal 10, 432–439 (2016).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Orgeur, P., Le Dividich, J., Saez, E., Salaün, C. & Leroux, T. La Taille de La Portée Influe Sur Le Comportement Des Porcelets à La Mamelle et Sur Leur Croissance (2004).Canario, L. Genetic aspects of piglet mortality at birth and in early suckling period: Relationships with sow maternal abilities and piglet vitality (2006).Lau, C. & Simpson, C. Animal models for the study of the effect of prolonged stress on lactation in rats. Physiol. Behav. 82, 193–197 (2004).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Mormède, P., Foury, A., Terenina, E. & Knap, P. W. Breeding for robustness: The role of cortisol. Animal 5, 651–657 (2011).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Lawrence, A. B. et al. The effect of environment on behaviour, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 39, 313–330 (1994).Article 

Google Scholar 
Jarvis, S. et al. The effect of parity and environmental restriction on behavioural and physiological responses of pre-parturient pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71, 203–216 (2001).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Devillers, N., van Milgen, J., Prunier, A. & Dividich, J. L. Estimation of colostrum intake in the neonatal pig. Anim. Sci. 78, 305–313 (2004).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Yang, A. et al. Automatic recognition of sow nursing behaviour using deep learning-based segmentation and spatial and temporal features. Biosyst. Eng. 175, 133–145 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rydhmer, L. & Canario, L. Chapter 9—behavioral genetics in pigs and relations to welfare. In Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals 3rd edn (ed. Grandin, T.) 325–375 (Academic Press, New York, 2022).Chapter 

Google Scholar 
Yun, J. et al. Prepartum nest-building has an impact on postpartum nursing performance and maternal behaviour in early lactating sows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 160, 31–37 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ocepek, M., Newberry, R. C. & Andersen, I. L. Trade-offs between litter size and offspring fitness in domestic pigs subjected to different genetic selection pressures. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 193, 7–14 (2017).Article 

Google Scholar 
Maria, N. et al. Sow nest-building behavior in communal farrowing relates to productivity and litter size. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 269, 106117 (2023).Article 

Google Scholar 
Rosvold, E. M., Newberry, R. C. & Andersen, I. L. Early mother-young interactions in domestic sows—nest-building material increases maternal investment. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 219, 104837 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Herskin, M. S., Jensen, K. H. & Thodberg, K. Influence of environmental stimuli on maternal behaviour related to bonding, reactivity and crushing of piglets in domestic sows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58, 241–254 (1998).Article 

Google Scholar 
Monteiro, M. S. et al. The beneficial effects of providing prepartum sows with nesting materials on farrowing traits, piglet performance and maternal behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 259, 105795 (2023).Article 

Google Scholar 
Plush, K. J., McKenny, L. A., Nowland, T. L. & van Wettere, W. H. E. J. The effect of hessian and straw as nesting materials on sow behaviour and piglet survival and growth to weaning. Animal 15, 100273 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Valros, A. E. et al. Nursing behaviour of sows during 5 weeks lactation and effects on piglet growth. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 76, 93–104 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ding, Q., Chen, J., Shen, M. & Liu, L. Activity detection of suckling piglets based on motion area analysis using frame differences in combination with convolution neural network. Comput. Electron. Agri. 194, 106741 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gan, H. et al. Automated detection and analysis of social behaviors among preweaning piglets using key point-based spatial and temporal features. Comput. Electron. Agri. 188, 106357 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Theil, P. K., Labouriau, R., Sejrsen, K., Thomsen, B. & Sørensen, M. T. Expression of genes involved in regulation of cell turnover during milk stasis and lactation rescue in sow mammary glands. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 2349–2356 (2005).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Jensen, P. The Ethology of Domestic Animals: An Introductory Text 3rd edn. (CABI, 2017).Cronin, G. M., Schirmer, B. N., McCallum, T. H., Smith, J. A. & Butler, K. L. The effects of providing sawdust to pre-parturient sows in farrowing crates on sow behaviour, the duration of parturition and the occurrence of intra-partum stillborn piglets. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36, 301–315 (1993).Article 

Google Scholar 
Canario, L., Bidanel, J.-P. & Rydhmer, L. Genetic trends in maternal and neonatal behaviors and their association with perinatal survival in French Large White swine. Front. Genet. 5, 1–16 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Ahlström, S., Jarvis, S. & Lawrence, A. B. Savaging gilts are more restless and more responsive to piglets during the expulsive phase of parturition. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 76, 83–91 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Gilbert, C. L. Endocrine regulation of periparturient behaviour in pigs. Reprod. Suppl. 58, 263–276 (2001).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Daigle, C. Parallels between postpartum disorders in humans and preweaning piglet mortality in sows. Animals 8, 22 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Chen, C. et al. Maternal infanticide in sows: Incidence and behavioural comparisons between savaging and non-savaging sows at parturition. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 109, 238–248 (2008).Article 

Google Scholar 
Harris, M. J., Bergeron, R. & Gonyou, H. W. Parturient behaviour and offspring-directed aggression in farmed wild boar of three genetic lines. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 74, 153–163 (2001).Article 

Google Scholar 
Marchant Forde, J. N. Piglet- and stockperson-directed sow aggression after farrowing and the relationship with a pre-farrowing, human approach test. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 75, 115–132 (2002).Article 

Google Scholar 
Canario, L. et al. Prospects for the analysis and reduction of damaging behaviour in group-housed livestock, with application to pig breeding. Front. Genet. 11, 611073 (2020).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wechsler, B. & Hegglin, D. Individual differences in the behaviour of sows at the nest-site and the crushing of piglets. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 51, 39–49 (1997).Article 

Google Scholar 
Valros, A., Rundgren, M., Špinka, M., Saloniemi, H. & Algers, B. Sow activity level, frequency of standing-to-lying posture changes and anti-crushing behaviour—within sow-repeatability and interactions with nursing behaviour and piglet performance. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 83, 29–40 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Lefort, G. et al. The maturity in fetal pigs using a multi-fluid metabolomic approach. Sci. Rep. 10, 19912 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Dourmad, J.-Y. et al. InraPorc: un outil d’aide à la décision pour l’alimentation des truies reproductrices. J. Rech. Porcine 37, 299–306 (2022).
Google Scholar 
Grandinson, K., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E. & Thodberg, K. Genetic analysis of on-farm tests of maternal behaviour in sows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 83, 141–151 (2003).Article 

Google Scholar 
Egozcue, J. J., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., Mateu-Figueras, G. & Barceló-Vidal, C. Isometric logratio transformations for compositional data analysis. Math. Geol. 35, 279–300 (2003).Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar 
Pagès, J. 2014 Multiple Factor Analysis by Example Using R (Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1201/b17700.Book 

Google Scholar 
Husson, F., Josse, J., Narasimhan, B. & Robin, G. Imputation of mixed data with multilevel singular value decomposition. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 28, 552 (2019).Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar 
Bougeard, S., Qannari, E. M., Lupo, C. & Hanafi, M. From multiblock partial least squares to multiblock redundancy analysis. A continuum approach. Informatica 22, 11–26 (2011).Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar 
Bougeard, S. & Cardinal, M. Multiblock modeling for complex preference study. Application to European preferences for smoked salmon. Food Qual. Pref. 32, 56–64 (2014).Article 

Google Scholar 
Abdi, H., Williams, L. J., Valentin, D. & Bennani-Dosse, M. STATIS and DISTATIS: Optimum multitable principal component analysis and three way metric multidimensional scaling. WIREs Comp. Stat. 4, 124–167 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Thioulouse, J. Simultaneous analysis of a sequence of paired ecological tables: A comparison of several methods. Ann. Appl. Stat. 5, 2300–2325 (2011).Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar 
Dray, S. & Dufour, A.-B. The ade4 Package: Implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. J. Stat. Softw. 22, 1–20 (2007).Article 

Google Scholar 
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.0. 5)[Computer software] (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021).Girardie, O. Primiparous sow behaviour on the day of farrowing as one of the primary contributors to the growth of piglets in early lactation. https://doi.org/10.57745/XYWDR3 (2024).