Clarifying social norms which have robustness against reputation costs and defector invasion in indirect reciprocity

Nowak, M. A. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314, 1560–1563. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755 (2006).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Alexander, R. The Biology of Moral Systems (Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1987).
Google Scholar 
Carter, G. G. & Wilkinson, G. S. Food sharing in vampire bats: Reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 280, 20122573. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2573 (2013).Article 

Google Scholar 
Dolivo, V. & Taborsky, M. Norway rats reciprocate help according to the quality of help they received. Biol. Let. 11, 20140959–20140959. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0959 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Kato-Shimizu, M., Onishi, K., Kanazawa, T. & Hinobayashi, T. Preschool children’s behavioral tendency toward social indirect reciprocity. PLoS ONE 8, e70915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070915 (2013).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Dunbar, R. I. M., Marriott, A. & Duncan, N. D. C. Human conversational behavior. Hum. Nat. 8, 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02912493 (1997).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Robbins, M. L. & Karan, A. Who gossips and how in everyday life?. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 11, 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619837000 (2020).Article 

Google Scholar 
Vonasch, A. J., Reynolds, T., Winegard, B. M. & Baumeister, R. F. Death before dishonor. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 9, 604–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617720271 (2018).Article 

Google Scholar 
Nowak, M. A. & Sigmund, K. Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature 393, 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/31225 (1998).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Nowak, M. A. & Sigmund, K. The dynamics of indirect reciprocity. J. Theor. Biol. 194, 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1998.0775 (1998).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Kandori, M. Social norms and community enforcement. Rev. Econ. Stud. 59, 63–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297925 (1992).Article 
MathSciNet 

Google Scholar 
Pacheco, J. M., Santos, F. C. & Chalub, F. A. C. Stern-judging: A simple, successful norm which promotes cooperation under indirect reciprocity. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2, e178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020178 (2006).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Sugden, R. The Economics of Rights, Cooperation and Welfare (Basil Blackwell, 1986).Leimar, O. & Hammerstein, P. Evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity. Proc. R. Soc. London Series B: Biol. Sci. 268, 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1573 (2001).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Panchanathan, K. & Boyd, R. A tale of two defectors: The importance of standing for evolution of indirect reciprocity. J. Theor. Biol. 224, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00154-1 (2003).Article 
ADS 
MathSciNet 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ohtsuki, H. & Iwasa, Y. How should we define goodness? Reputation dynamics in indirect reciprocity. J. Theor. Biol. 231, 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.06.005 (2004).Article 
ADS 
MathSciNet 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ohtsuki, H. & Iwasa, Y. The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity. J. Theor. Biol. 239, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.008 (2006).Article 
ADS 
MathSciNet 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Fujimoto, Y. & Ohtsuki, H. Who is a leader in the leading eight? Indirect reciprocity under private assessment. PRX Life 2, 023009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXLife.2.023009 (2024).Article 

Google Scholar 
Trivers, R. L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755 (1971).Article 

Google Scholar 
Axelrod, R. Effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. J. Conflict Resolut. 24, 3–25 (1980).Article 

Google Scholar 
Axelrod, R. More effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. J. Conflict Resolut. 24, 379–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200278002400101 (1980).Article 

Google Scholar 
Suzuki, S. & Kimura, H. Indirect reciprocity is sensitive to costs of information transfer. Sci. Rep. 3, 1435. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01435 (2013).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Swakman, V., Molleman, L., Ule, A. & Egas, M. Reputation-based cooperation: Empirical evidence for behavioral strategies. Evol. Hum. Behav. 37, 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.12.001 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sasaki, T., Okada, I. & Nakai, Y. Indirect reciprocity can overcome free-rider problems on costly moral assessment. Biol. Let. 12, 20160341. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0341 (2016).Article 

Google Scholar 
Uchida, S. Effect of private information on indirect reciprocity. Phys. Rev. E 82, 036111. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.82.036111 (2010).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Okada, I., Sasaki, T. & Nakai, Y. A solution for private assessment in indirect reciprocity using solitary observation. J. Theor. Biol. 455, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.06.018 (2018).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hilbe, C., Schmid, L., Tkadlec, J., Chatterjee, K. & Nowak, M. A. Indirect reciprocity with private, noisy, and incomplete information. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 12241–12246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810565115 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Brandt, H. & Sigmund, K. The logic of reprobation: Assessment and action rules for indirect reciprocation. J. Theor. Biol. 231, 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.06.032 (2004).Article 
ADS 
MathSciNet 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sasaki, T., Okada, I. & Nakai, Y. The evolution of conditional moral assessment in indirect reciprocity. Sci. Rep. 7, 41870. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41870 (2017).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Panchanathan, K. Two wrongs don’t make a right: The initial viability of different assessment rules in the evolution of indirect reciprocity. J. Theor. Biol. 277, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.02.009 (2011).Article 
ADS 
MathSciNet 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Yamamoto, H., Okada, I., Uchida, S. & Sasaki, T. A norm knockout method on indirect reciprocity to reveal indispensable norms. Sci. Rep. 7, 44146. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44146 (2017).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Uchida, S., Yamamoto, H., Okada, I. & Sasaki, T. A theoretical approach to norm ecosystems : Two adaptive architectures of indirect reciprocity show different paths to the evolution of cooperation. Front. Phys. 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2018.00014 (2018).Okada, I. Two ways to overcome the three social dilemmas of indirect reciprocity. Sci. Rep. 10, 16799. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73564-5 (2020).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Kokkodis, M., Lappas, T. & Kane, G. C. Optional purchase verification in e-commerce platforms: More representative product ratings and higher quality reviews. Prod. Oper. Manag. 31, 2943–2961. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13731 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Han, T. A., Perret, C. & Powers, S. T. When to (or not to) trust intelligent machines: Insights from an evolutionary game theory analysis of trust in repeated games. Cogn. Syst. Res. 68, 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.02.003 (2021).Article 

Google Scholar 
Krellner, M. & Han, T. A. Pleasing enhances indirect reciprocity-based cooperation under private assessment. Artif. Life 27, 246–276. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00344 (2022).Article 

Google Scholar 
Santos, F. P., Santos, F. C. & Pacheco, J. M. Social norm complexity and past reputations in the evolution of cooperation. Nature 555, 242–245. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25763 (2018).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Okada, I., Sasaki, T. & Nakai, Y. Tolerant indirect reciprocity can boost social welfare through solidarity with unconditional cooperators in private monitoring. Sci. Rep. 7, 9737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09935-2 (2017).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Yamamoto, H., Suzuki, T. & Umetani, R. Justified defection is neither justified nor unjustified in indirect reciprocity. PLoS ONE 15, e0235137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235137 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Kiyonari, T. & Barclay, P. Cooperation in social dilemmas: Free riding may be thwarted by second-order reward rather than by punishment. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 95, 826–842. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0011381 (2008).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ozono, H. & Watabe, M. Reputational benefit of punishment: Comparison among the punisher, rewarder, and non-sanctioner. Lett. Evol. Behav. Sci. 3, 21–24. https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2012.22 (2012).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, Y. & Mifune, N. Punishment in the public goods game is evaluated negatively irrespective of non-cooperators’ motivation. Front. Psychol. 14, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1198797 (2023).Article 

Google Scholar 
Schmid, L., Shati, P., Hilbe, C. & Chatterjee, K. The evolution of indirect reciprocity under action and assessment generosity. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96932-1 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Murase, Y. & Hilbe, C. Indirect reciprocity with stochastic and dual reputation updates. PLoS Comput. Biol. 19, e1011271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011271 (2023).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Hot Topics

Related Articles