Introduction of blood: –
Blood is a complex viscous fluid with a pH 7.4. Blood is specialized body fluids in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutritious and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolites waste products away from the cell.
Blood function:
Supply oxygen to tissue
Removal of waste Co2 and urea
Maintain of body PH and body temperature
Immunological function
Supply nutrients
It is circumstance tissue of body it is mainly composed 2 parts.
Cells (45%)
Plasma (55%)
The total volume of blood is about 8 to 8.5% of body weight.
There are three types of cells.
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Blood is made in the Bone Marrow
All of the cells in the blood, red blood cells, all types of white blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow. This happens primarily in the flat bones in your body such as the skull, the sternum, and the pelvis.
Blood Cell Development
All of the cells differentiate from one group of “master cells” called stem cells. The stem cells can become whatever kind of blood cell the body needs. They come under the influence of factors in their environment to become red cells, white cells, or platelets.
Bone Marrow
This microscopic view of a sample of bone marrow shows mature and immature white cells, the cells that produce platelets and both mature and immature red cells. Notice the variety.
Red Blood Cells
Most of the cells in the blood are red blood cells. These are highly specialized cells that have been “stripped” of everything, including the nucleus that might get in the way of doing their major job, transporting oxygen.
Hemoglobin
Red blood cells are filled with a special red colored molecule called hemoglobin. It picks up oxygen in areas where oxygen is abundant and releases oxygen in tissues where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
White Blood Cells
There are five distinctly different kinds of white blood cells neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophil and basophils. Some have the ability to change with needs and situations in the body. So, for example, there are different monocytes found in different tissues, and different types of lymphocytes with different roles in fighting infections. These cells can leave the bloodstream, sliding out through the vessel walls and attacking invaders at the site of an infection.
Platelets
Platelets are fragments of a much larger cell, the Megakaryocyte, which stays in the bone marrow after it differentiates and matures from the stem cell. The platelets leave the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body. When stimulated by substances from damaged tissue, the platelets release substances necessary to help blood clot. This helps initiate the clotting sequence and protect the integrity of the vasculature.
Plasma
The plasma is the river in which the blood cells travel. It carries not only the blood cells but also nutrients (sugars, amino acids, fats, salts, minerals, etc.), waste products (CO2, lactic acid, urea, etc.), antibodies, clotting proteins (called clotting factors), chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the body’s fluid balance. When you spin blood in a centrifuge, the red cells go to the bottom of the container, and the white cells and platelets to the middle, leaving the yellowish plasma at the top.
Components of human blood
Component
Description
Function
Plasma
Fluid portion of blood: 90% water; 10% solutes, including proteins (primarily albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and enzymes), glucose, amino acids, lipids, metabolic compounds, respiratory gases, hormones
Transport of soluble nutrients and waste, coagulation
Cellular components
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
Biconcave, enucleated cells containing hemoglobin
Transport O2 and CO2
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
Granular
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Phagocytosis and immune response
No granular
Lymphocytes, monocytes
Cellular antibody formation
Platelets
Irregular, fragment-like appearance
Initiate blood clotting
Plasma: – liquid medium of blood.
Serum: – serum is blood without fibrinogen.
Coagulation: – it is the process by which blood forms clots. It is important part of hemostasis.
Fibrinogen: – it is soluble plasma glycoprotein, synthesized by the liver that is converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood coagulation.
Clotting process: – Platelets break down thrombin plastid — Pro thrombin –ca+2—thrombin — fibrinogen — fibrin — coagulation — clotting
Blood Group System
The human being has been classified on the basis of their differential blood system and this system is known as blood group system.
Blood group system on RBC: –
ABO
Rh
MNS
Blood group system on WBC
HLA
ISO enzyme pattern
ESD
PGA
EAP
Serum protein
GC
GM
HP
In 1901, Karl Landsteiner reported that blood had TYPES. By matching these types, one could achieve success in blood transfusion. The bases of these types are specific proteins called antigens that are found on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies found in the plasma.
There are four basic types:
Type A with A antigens on the red cells and B antibodies in the plasma.
Type B with B antigens on the red cells and A antibodies in the plasma.
Type AB with both A and B antigens on the red cells and no of type antibodies in the plasma.
Type O with no type of antigens on the red cells and both A and B antibodies in the plasma.
Blood Group
Antigen
Antibody
Receiver
Donner
A
A
B
A, AB, O
A, AB
B
B
A
B, AB, O
B, AB
AB
(Universal Recipient)
A, B
–
A, B, AB, O
A, B, AB
O
(Universal Donner)
–
A, B
O
A, B, AB, O
Rh factor Blood Grouping System
Many people also have a so-called Rh factor on the red blood cell’s surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven’t are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh-blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problem.
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