C-reactive protein (CRP) evaluation in human urine using optical sensor supported by machine learning

Shrivastava, A. K., Singh, H. V., Raizada, A. & Singh, S. K. C-reactive protein, inflammation and coronary heart disease. Egypt. Heart J. 67, 89–97 (2015).Article 

Google Scholar 
Sproston, N. R. & Ashworth, J. J. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front. Immunol. 9, 754 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Chen, L. et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9, 7204–7218 (2017).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Bagheri Lankarani, K., Hojati, S. A. & Heydari, S. T. Use of C-reactive protein as a diagnostic tool for early detection of bacterial infection after liver transplantation. Hepat. Mon. 16, e41054 (2016).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Nehring, S. M., Goyal, A. & Patel, B. C. C reactive protein. In StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, 2022).
Google Scholar 
Sherrell, Z. What causes elevated CRP levels? The Checkup https://www.singlecare.com/blog/normal-crp-levels/ (2021).Del Giudice, M. & Gangestad, S. Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters. Brain Behav. Immun. 70, 61–75 (2018).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Markanday, A. Acute phase reactants in infections: Evidence-based review and a guide for clinicians. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2, ofv098 (2015).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Heikkilä, K., Ebrahim, S. & Lawlor, D. A. A systematic review of the association between circulating concentrations of C reactive protein and cancer. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61, 824–833 (2007).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Zhu, M. et al. C-reactive protein and cancer risk: A pan-cancer study of prospective cohort and Mendelian randomization analysis. BMC Med. 20, 301 (2022).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Hart, P. C., Rajab, I. M., Alebraheem, M. & Potempa, L. A. C-reactive protein and cancer—Diagnostic and therapeutic insights. Front. Immunol. 11, 595835 (2020).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: An individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 375, 132–140 (2010).Article 

Google Scholar 
Cozlea, D. L. et al. The impact of c reactive protein on global cardiovascular risk on patients with coronary artery disease. Curr. Health Sci. J. 39, 225–231 (2013).CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Halcox, J. P. et al. C-reactive protein levels in patients at cardiovascular risk: EURIKA study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 14, 25 (2014).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Paschoal, R. S., Silva, D. A., Cardili, R. N. & da Souza, C. S. Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk in psoriasis patients: A cross-sectional study. An Bras. Dermatol. 93, 222–228 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Mirhafez, S. R. et al. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a biomarker in patients with metabolic syndrome: Evidence-based study with 7284 subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 1298–1304 (2016).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sasaki, K., Fujita, I., Hamasaki, Y. & Miyazaki, S. Differentiating between bacterial and viral infection by measuring both C-reactive protein and 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase as inflammatory markers. J. Infect. Chemother. 8, 76–80 (2002).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Bernstein, D. et al. C-reactive protein velocity discriminates between acute viral and bacterial infections in patients who present with relatively low CRP concentrations. BMC Infect. Dis. 21, 1210 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Zhang, L. et al. An ELISA assay for quantifying monomeric C-reactive protein in plasma. Front. Immunol. 9, 511 (2018).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Human C Reactive Protein ELISA Kit (CRP) (ab99995) | Abcam. https://www.abcam.com/human-c-reactive-protein-elisa-kit-crp-ab99995.htmlSohrabi, H. et al. Recent advances of electrochemical and optical biosensors for detection of C-reactive protein as a major inflammatory biomarker. Microchem. J. 158, 105287 (2020).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Noh, S. et al. Recent advances in CRP biosensor based on electrical, electrochemical and optical methods. Sensors (Basel) 21, 3024 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tomczak, M. T. et al. Support for employees with ASD in the workplace using a bluetooth skin resistance sensor—A preliminary study. Sensors 18, 3530 (2018).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Wang, L., Lou, Z., Jiang, K. & Shen, G. Bio-multifunctional smart wearable sensors for medical devices. Adv. Intell. Syst. 1, 1900040 (2019).Article 

Google Scholar 
Li, J., Xin, M., Ma, Z., Shi, Y. & Pan, L. Nanomaterials and their applications on bio-inspired wearable electronics. Nanotechnology 32, 472002 (2021).Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
Wang, W. et al. A label-free fiber optic SPR biosensor for specific detection of C-reactive protein. Sci. Rep. 7, 16904 (2017).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Aray, A. et al. SPR-based plastic optical fibre biosensor for the detection of C-reactive protein in serum. J. Biophotonics 9, 1077–1084 (2016).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sridevi, S., Vasu, K. S., Asokan, S. & Sood, A. K. Sensitive detection of C-reactive protein using optical fiber Bragg gratings. Biosens. Bioelectron. 65, 251–256 (2015).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Rho, D. & Kim, S. Demonstration of a label-free and low-cost optical cavity-based biosensor using streptavidin and C-reactive protein. Biosensors (Basel) 11, 4 (2020).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Szczerska, M., Kosowska, M., Viter, R. & Wityk, P. Photonic sensor to detect rapid changes in CRP levels. J. Biophotonics 16, e202200213 (2023).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wityk, P. et al. Optical method supported by machine learning for urinary tract infection detection and urosepsis risk assessment. J. Biophotonics 16, e202300095 (2023).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Hirsch, M. et al. ZnO coated fiber optic microsphere sensor for the enhanced refractive index sensing. Sensors Actuators A Phys. 298, 111594 (2019).Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar 
ELISA Protocols. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/PL/pl/technical-documents/protocol/protein-biology/elisa/elisa-protocolsSzczerska, M., Wityk, P. & Listewnik, P. The SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies biophotonic sensor. J. Biophotonics 16, e202200172 (2023).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Listewnik, P. et al. Preparation and characterization of microsphere ZnO ALD coating dedicated for the fiber-optic refractive index sensor. Nanomaterials 9, 306 (2019).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Chatani, E., Tsuchisaka, Y., Masuda, Y. & Tsenkova, R. Water molecular system dynamics associated with amyloidogenic nucleation as revealed by real time near infrared spectroscopy and aquaphotomics. PLoS One 9, e101997 (2014).Article 
ADS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Bai, S., Nayar, R., Carpenter, J. F. & Manning, M. C. Noninvasive determination of protein conformation in the solid state using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Sci. 94, 2030–2038 (2005).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Fogarty, A. C. & Laage, D. Water dynamics in protein hydration shells: The molecular origins of the dynamical perturbation. J. Phys. Chem. B 118, 7715–7729 (2014).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Ahn, J. S. et al. Development of a point-of-care assay system for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in whole blood. Clin. Chim. Acta 332, 51–59 (2003).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L. et al. Differential SERUM AND URINE CRP, IP-10, and TRAIL levels in pediatric urinary tract infection. Front. Pediatr. 9, 771118 (2021).Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Doi, K. et al. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 1217–1221 (2009).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
CRP Human ELISA Kit – Invitrogen. https://www.thermofisher.com/elisa/product/CRP-Human-ELISA-Kit/KHA0031CRP Human Instant ELISAâ„¢ Kit—Invitrogen. https://www.thermofisher.com/elisa/product/CRP-Human-Instant-ELISA-Kit/BMS288INSTEsposito, F. et al. Long period grating in double cladding fiber coated with graphene oxide as high-performance optical platform for biosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 172, 112747 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Meyer, M. H. F., Hartmann, M. & Keusgen, M. SPR-based immunosensor for the CRP detection—A new method to detect a well known protein. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21, 1987–1990 (2006).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Wolf, M., Juncker, D., Michel, B., Hunziker, P. & Delamarche, E. Simultaneous detection of C-reactive protein and other cardiac markers in human plasma using micromosaic immunoassays and self-regulating microfluidic networks. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 1193–1202 (2004).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Tugirimana, P. L. et al. A functional turbidimetric method to determine C-reactive protein in horses. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 23, 308–311 (2011).Article 

Google Scholar 
Eda, S., Kaufmann, J., Roos, W. & Pohl, S. Development of a new microparticle-enhanced turbidimetric assay for C-reactive protein with superior features in analytical sensitivity and dynamic range. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 12, 137–144 (1998).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Dupuy, A. M., Badiou, S., Descomps, B. & Cristol, J. P. Immunoturbidimetric determination of C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity CRP on heparin plasma. Comparison with serum determination. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 41, 948–949 (2003).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Sarikaputi, M. et al. Latex agglutination test: A simple, rapid and practical method for bovine serum CRP determination. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. https://doi.org/10.14943/jjvr.40.1.1 (1992).Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Conrozier, T. et al. Increased serum C-reactive protein levels by immunonephelometry in patients with rapidly destructive hip osteoarthritis. Rev. Rhum. Engl. Ed. 65, 759–765 (1998).CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar 
Haider, D. G. et al. C-reactive protein is expressed and secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 146, 533–539 (2006).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 
Nuutila, J., Hohenthal, U., Oksi, J. & Jalava-Karvinen, P. Rapid detection of bacterial infection using a novel single-tube, four-colour flow cytometric method: Comparison with PCT and CRP. EBioMedicine 74, 103724 (2021).Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar 

Hot Topics

Related Articles