Li, D. et al. Highly quaternized polystyrene ionomers for high performance anion exchange membrane water electrolysers. Nat. Energy 5, 378–385 (2020).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang, J. et al. Non-precious metal catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis: operando characterizations, theoretical calculations, and recent advances. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 9154–9196 (2020).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Niether, C. et al. Improved water electrolysis using magnetic heating of FeC–Ni core–shell nanoparticles. Nat. Energy 3, 476–483 (2018).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chong, L. et al. La- and Mn-doped cobalt spinel oxygen evolution catalyst for proton exchange membrane electrolysis. Science 380, 609–616 (2023).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu, J. et al. IrOx·nH2O with lattice water–assisted oxygen exchange for high-performance proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Sci. Adv. 9, eadh1718 (2023).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
King, L. A. et al. A non-precious metal hydrogen catalyst in a commercial polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 1071–1074 (2019).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu, Z.-Y. et al. Non-iridium-based electrocatalyst for durable acidic oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Nat. Mater. 22, 100–108 (2023).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin, C. et al. In situ reconstructed Ru atom array on α-MnO2 with enhanced performance for acidic water oxidation. Nat. Catal. 4, 1012–1023 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu, Y. et al. Corrosion engineering towards efficient oxygen evolution electrodes with stable catalytic activity for over 6000 hours. Nat. Commun. 9, 2609 (2018).Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zou, X. et al. Ultrafast formation of amorphous bimetallic hydroxide films on 3D conductive sulfide nanoarrays for large-current-density oxygen evolution electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700404 (2017).Article
Google Scholar
Seh, Z. W. et al. Combining theory and experiment in electrocatalysis: insights into materials design. Science 355, eaad4998 (2017).Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liang, C. et al. Exceptional performance of hierarchical Ni–Fe oxyhydroxide@NiFe alloy nanowire array electrocatalysts for large current density water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 86–95 (2020).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Suntivich, J., May, K. J., Gasteiger, H. A., Goodenough, J. B. & Shao-Horn, Y. A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles. Science 334, 1383–1385 (2011).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seitz, L. C. et al. A highly active and stable IrOx/SrIrO3 catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Science 353, 1011–1014 (2016).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Du, K. et al. Interface engineering breaks both stability and activity limits of RuO2 for sustainable water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 13, 5448 (2022).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang, B. et al. Homogeneously dispersed multimetal oxygen-evolving catalysts. Science 352, 333–337 (2016).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhuang, L. et al. Ultrathin iron–cobalt oxide nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies for the oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Mater. 29, 1606793 (2017).Article
Google Scholar
Merrill, M. D. & Dougherty, R. C. Metal oxide catalysts for the evolution of O2 from H2O. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 3655–3666 (2008).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Luo, J. et al. Water photolysis at 12.3% efficiency via perovskite photovoltaics and Earth-abundant catalysts. Science 345, 1593–1596 (2014).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corrigan, D. A. & Bendert, R. M. Effect of coprecipitated metal ions on the electrochemistry of nickel hydroxide thin films: cyclic voltammetry in 1 M KOH. J. Electrochem. Soc. 136, 723 (1989).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li, X., Walsh, F. C. & Pletcher, D. Nickel based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution in high current density, alkaline water electrolysers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 1162–1167 (2011).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hall, D. E. Ni(OH)2‐impregnated anodes for alkaline water electrolysis. J. Electrochem. Soc. 130, 317 (1983).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ding, G. et al. Highly efficient and durable anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer enabled by a Fe–Ni3S2 anode catalyst. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 4, 2200130 (2023).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Karunadasa, H. I. et al. A molecular MoS2-edge site mimic for catalytic hydrogen generation. Science 335, 698–702 (2012).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu, L. et al. Heterogeneous bimetallic phosphide Ni2P–Fe2P as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for water/seawater splitting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2006484 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cheng, W. et al. Lattice-strained metal–organic-framework arrays for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. Nat. Energy 4, 115–122 (2019).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhai, P. et al. Engineering single-atomic ruthenium catalytic sites on defective nickel–iron layered double hydroxide for overall water splitting. Nat. Commun. 12, 4587 (2021).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Angulo, A., van der Linde, P., Gardeniers, H., Modestino, M. & Fernández Rivas, D. Influence of bubbles on the energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical reactors. Joule 4, 555–579 (2020).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Iwata, R. et al. Bubble growth and departure modes on wettable/non-wettable porous foams in alkaline water splitting. Joule 5, 887–900 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Spöri, C., Kwan, J. T. H., Bonakdarpour, A., Wilkinson, D. P. & Strasser, P. The stability challenges of oxygen evolving catalysts: towards a common fundamental understanding and mitigation of catalyst degradation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 5994–6021 (2017).Article
Google Scholar
Liu, H. et al. Dual interfacial engineering of a Chevrel phase electrode material for stable hydrogen evolution at 2500 mA cm−2. Nat. Commun. 13, 6382 (2022).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xiao, X., Wang, L., Wang, Z. & Wang, Z. Superheating of grain boundaries within bulk colloidal crystals. Nat. Commun. 13, 1599 (2022).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen, R. et al. Layered structure causes bulk NiFe-layered double hydroxide unstable in alkaline oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Mater. 31, 1903909 (2019).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wu, Y.-j et al. Evolution of cationic vacancy defects: a motif for surface restructuration of OER precatalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 26829–26836 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li, Y. et al. Operando spectroscopies unveil interfacial FeOOH induced highly reactive β-Ni(Fe)OOH for efficient oxygen evolution. Appl. Catal. B 318, 121825 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dionigi, F. & Strasser, P. NiFe-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in non-acidic electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600621 (2016).Article
Google Scholar
Trotochaud, L., Young, S. L., Ranney, J. K. & Boettcher, S. W. Nickel–iron oxyhydroxide oxygen-evolution electrocatalysts: the role of intentional and incidental iron incorporation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 6744–6753 (2014).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li, X. et al. Ultrafast room-temperature synthesis of self-supported NiFe-layered double hydroxide as large-current-density oxygen evolution electrocatalyst. Small 18, 2104354 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Xu, X. et al. Highly efficient all-3D-printed electrolyzer toward ultrastable water electrolysis. Nano Lett. 23, 629–636 (2023).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang, F., Kim, M. J., Brown, M. & Wiley, B. J. Alkaline water electrolysis at 25 A cm−2 with a microfibrous flow-through electrode. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2001174 (2020).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Howarth, A. J. et al. Chemical, thermal and mechanical stabilities of metal–organic frameworks. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 15018 (2016).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mayerhöfer, B. et al. Electrochemical and mechanical stability of catalyst layers in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 47, 4304–4314 (2022).Article
Google Scholar
Liang, C. et al. Highly conductive and mechanically robust NiFe alloy aerogels: an exceptionally active and durable water oxidation catalyst. Small 18, 2203663 (2022).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ding, Z. et al. High entropy intermetallic–oxide core–shell nanostructure as superb oxygen evolution reaction catalyst. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 4, 1900105 (2020).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Geiger, S. et al. The stability number as a metric for electrocatalyst stability benchmarking. Nat. Catal. 1, 508–515 (2018).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim, Y. S. Scalable Elastomeric Membranes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis (US Department of Energy, 2019).Kenney, M. J. et al. High-performance silicon photoanodes passivated with ultrathin nickel films for water oxidation. Science 342, 836–840 (2013).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khaselev, O. & Turner, J. A. A monolithic photovoltaic–photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 280, 425–427 (1998).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
García de Arquer, F. P. et al. CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products at activities greater than 1 A cm−2. Science 367, 661–666 (2020).Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abellán, G., Coronado, E., Martí-Gastaldo, C., Pinilla-Cienfuegos, E. & Ribera, A. Hexagonal nanosheets from the exfoliation of Ni2+–Fe3+ LDHs: a route towards layered multifunctional materials. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 7451–7455 (2010).Article
Google Scholar
Saiah, F. B. D., Su, B.-L. & Bettahar, N. Removal of Evans blue by using nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles: effect of hydrothermal treatment temperature on textural properties and dye adsorption. Macromol. Symp. 273, 125–134 (2008).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. Efficient hydrogen production on MoNi4 electrocatalysts with fast water dissociation kinetics. Nat. Commun. 8, 15437 (2017).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yang, L. et al. Vertical growth of 2D amorphous-FePO4 nanosheet on Ni foam: outer and inner structural design for superior water splitting. Adv. Mater. 29, 1704574 (2017).Article
Google Scholar
McCrory, C. C. L., Jung, S., Peters, J. C. & Jaramillo, T. F. Benchmarking heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 16977–16987 (2013).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jeon, S. S. et al. Active surface area and intrinsic catalytic oxygen evolution reactivity of NiFe LDH at reactive electrode potentials using capacitances. ACS Catal. 13, 1186–1196 (2023).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu, C. et al. Oxygen evolution reaction over catalytic single-site Co in a well-defined brookite TiO2 nanorod surface. Nat. Catal. 4, 36–45 (2021).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Anantharaj, S. et al. Precision and correctness in the evaluation of electrocatalytic water splitting: revisiting activity parameters with a critical assessment. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 744–771 (2018).Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fan, L. et al. Atomically isolated nickel species anchored on graphitized carbon for efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. Nat. Commun. 7, 10667 (2016).Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
You, B., Liu, X., Jiang, N. & Sun, Y. A general strategy for decoupled hydrogen production from water splitting by integrating oxidative biomass valorization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 13639–13646 (2016).Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sonoyama, N. & Sakata, T. Electrochemical continuous decomposition of chloroform and other volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in water using a column type metal impregnated carbon fiber electrode. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3438–3442 (1999).Article
CAS
Google Scholar